Fleets of microscopic sailboats propelled by light could help researchers discover a unified theory of flocking behaviour
Flocking is a hugely spectacular phenomena, as anyone who has watched the large scale behaviour of ants or sheep or starlings or even humans can attest.
But the nature of flocking still puzzles scientists. Sure, they can reproduce the behaviour of some species in certain circumstances. But various researchers think there may be something deeper to discover here. Their search is for a grand unified theory of flocking that captures the fundamental elements of flocking behaviour.
One way to find out is to reproduce the behaviour in controlled conditions to find out which factors are important and which aren't. That's easier said than done with many flocking creatures.
So an alternative approach is to build autonomous robots that do the job instead. These robots must be capable of autonomous propulsion over long periods of time. They also need to be cheap and simple so that they can be produced en masse.
Today, Anrdás Búzás at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Szeged, Hungary, and a few pals show how they've tackled this problem with "light sailboats" each just ten micrometres in length.
These sailboats are wedge-shaped pieces of plastic carved using photolithography and then coated with a thin layer of gold to make them more or less 100 per cent reflective. The angle of the wedge is 45 degrees to maximise the propulsion when zapped with an infrared laser.
Placed in a drop of water and illuminated from above, the sailboats zip around at speeds up to 10 micrometres per second, an order of magnitude faster than similar devices that use temperature gradients for propulsion.
So far, Búzás and co have tested the sailboats at relatively low densities so that the vehicles do not interfere with each other when they move. That has allowed the team to characterise the nature of the movement.
They say the sailboats move steadily in a single direction determined by their orientation. However, they also tend to change direction due to imperfections in the medium and in the structures themselves. On average they travel up to about 1500 micrometres before veering off course.
The plan is to use the sailboats to tease apart the fundamental properties of flocking. For that, Búzás and co will need to increase the density of sailboats to see how their mutual interactions influence flocking.
It's still early days, of course, but a better understanding of flocking on the microscopic scale could have important implications for everything from microfluidics to drug delivery.
And if you don't have any starlings to watch at dusk, perhaps the Hungarian sailboats might one day put on a just as spectacular show through a microscope.
Flocking is a hugely spectacular phenomena, as anyone who has watched the large scale behaviour of ants or sheep or starlings or even humans can attest.
But the nature of flocking still puzzles scientists. Sure, they can reproduce the behaviour of some species in certain circumstances. But various researchers think there may be something deeper to discover here. Their search is for a grand unified theory of flocking that captures the fundamental elements of flocking behaviour.
One way to find out is to reproduce the behaviour in controlled conditions to find out which factors are important and which aren't. That's easier said than done with many flocking creatures.
So an alternative approach is to build autonomous robots that do the job instead. These robots must be capable of autonomous propulsion over long periods of time. They also need to be cheap and simple so that they can be produced en masse.
Today, Anrdás Búzás at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in Szeged, Hungary, and a few pals show how they've tackled this problem with "light sailboats" each just ten micrometres in length.
These sailboats are wedge-shaped pieces of plastic carved using photolithography and then coated with a thin layer of gold to make them more or less 100 per cent reflective. The angle of the wedge is 45 degrees to maximise the propulsion when zapped with an infrared laser.
Placed in a drop of water and illuminated from above, the sailboats zip around at speeds up to 10 micrometres per second, an order of magnitude faster than similar devices that use temperature gradients for propulsion.
So far, Búzás and co have tested the sailboats at relatively low densities so that the vehicles do not interfere with each other when they move. That has allowed the team to characterise the nature of the movement.
They say the sailboats move steadily in a single direction determined by their orientation. However, they also tend to change direction due to imperfections in the medium and in the structures themselves. On average they travel up to about 1500 micrometres before veering off course.
The plan is to use the sailboats to tease apart the fundamental properties of flocking. For that, Búzás and co will need to increase the density of sailboats to see how their mutual interactions influence flocking.
It's still early days, of course, but a better understanding of flocking on the microscopic scale could have important implications for everything from microfluidics to drug delivery.
And if you don't have any starlings to watch at dusk, perhaps the Hungarian sailboats might one day put on a just as spectacular show through a microscope.
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